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Cumulus Linux

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If you are using the current version of Cumulus Linux, the content on this page may not be up to date. The current version of the documentation is available here. If you are redirected to the main page of the user guide, then this page may have been renamed; please search for it there.

Monitoring Best Practices

The following monitoring processes are best practices for reviewing and troubleshooting potential issues with Cumulus Linux environments.

This document describes:

  • Metrics that you can poll from Cumulus Linux and use in trend analysis
  • Critical log messages that you can monitor for triggered alerts

Trend Analysis Using Metrics

A metric is a quantifiable measure that tracks and assesses the status of a specific infrastructure component. Examples of metrics include bytes on an interface, CPU utilization, and total number of routes.

Metrics are more valuable when you use them for trend analysis.

Generate Alerts with Triggered Logging

Cumulus Linux typically sends triggered issues to syslog, but can send issues to another log file depending on the feature. rsyslog handles all logging, including local and remote logging. Logs are the best method to use for generating alerts when the system transitions from a stable steady state.

Sending logs to a centralized collector, then creating alerts that you base on critical logs is an optimal solution.

Log Formatting

Most log files in Cumulus Linux use a standard presentation format. For example:

2017-03-08T06:26:43.569681+00:00 leaf01 sysmonitor: Critically high CPU use: 99%
  • 2017-03-08T06:26:43.569681+00:00 is the timestamp.
  • leaf01 is the hostname.
  • sysmonitor is the process that is the source of the message.
  • Critically high CPU use: 99% is the message.

For brevity and legibility, this section omits the timestamp and hostname from examples.

Hardware

NVUE provides commands to monitor various switch hardware elements.

Command Description
nv show platform environment fan Shows information about the fans on the switch, such as the minimum, maximum and current speed, the fan state, and the fan direction.
nv show platform environment led Shows information about the LEDs on the switch, such as the LED name and color.
nv show platform environment psu Shows information about the PSUs on the switch, such as the PSU name and state.
nv show platform environment temperature Shows information about the sensors on the switch, such as the critical, maximum, minimum and current temperature and the current state of the sensor.
nv show platform environment voltage Shows the list of voltage sensors on the switch.
nv show platform inventory Shows the switch inventory, which includes fan and PSU hardware version, model, serial number, state, and type. For information about a specific fan or PSU, run the nv show platform inventory <inventory-name> command.

The following example shows the nv show platform environment fan command output. The airflow direction must be the same for all fans. If Cumulus Linux detects that the fan airflow direction is not uniform, it logs a message in the var/log/syslog file.

cumulus@switch:~$ nv show platform environment fan
Name      Fan State  Current Speed (RPM)  Max Speed  Min Speed  Fan Direction
--------  ---------  -------------------  ---------  ---------  -------------
FAN1/1    ok         6000                 29000      2500       F2B         
FAN1/2    ok         6000                 29000      2500       F2B         
FAN2/1    ok         6000                 29000      2500       F2B         
FAN2/2    ok         6000                 29000      2500       F2B         
FAN3/1    ok         6000                 29000      2500       F2B         
FAN3/2    ok         6000                 29000      2500       F2B         
PSU1/FAN  ok         6000                 29000      2500       F2B         
PSU2/FAN  ok         6000                 29000      2500       F2B

If the airflow direction for all fans is not in the same (front to back or back to front), cooling is suboptimal for the switch, rack, and even the entire data center.

The smond process provides monitoring for various switch hardware elements. Minimum or maximum values depend on the flags you apply to the basic command. The table below lists the hardware elements and applicable commands and flags.

Hardware Element Monitoring Commands Interval Poll
Temperature smonctl -j
smonctl -j -s TEMP[X]		 10 seconds
Fan smonctl -j
smonctl -j -s FAN[X]		 10 seconds
PSU smonctl -j
smonctl -j -s PSU[X]		 10 seconds
PSU Fan smonctl -j
smonctl -j -s PSU[X]Fan[X]		 10 seconds
PSU Temperature smonctl -j
smonctl -j -s PSU[X]Temp[X]		 10 seconds
Voltage smonctl -j
smonctl -j -s Volt[X]		 10 seconds
Front Panel LED ledmgrd -d
ledmgrd -j		 5 seconds

Not all switch models include a sensor for monitoring power consumption and voltage. See this note for details.

Hardware Logs Log Location Log Entries
High temperature 
/var/log/syslog
 
/usr/sbin/smond : : Temp1(Board Sensor near CPU): state changed from UNKNOWN to OK
/usr/sbin/smond : : Temp2(Board Sensor Near Virtual Switch): state changed from UNKNOWN to OK
/usr/sbin/smond : : Temp3(Board Sensor at Front Left Corner): state changed from UNKNOWN to OK
/usr/sbin/smond : : Temp4(Board Sensor at Front Right Corner): state changed from UNKNOWN to OK
/usr/sbin/smond : : Temp5(Board Sensor near Fan): state changed from UNKNOWN to OK
Fan speed issues 
/var/log/syslog
 
/usr/sbin/smond : : Fan1(Fan Tray 1, Fan 1): state changed from UNKNOWN to OK
/usr/sbin/smond : : Fan2(Fan Tray 1, Fan 2): state changed from UNKNOWN to OK
/usr/sbin/smond : : Fan3(Fan Tray 2, Fan 1): state changed from UNKNOWN to OK
/usr/sbin/smond : : Fan4(Fan Tray 2, Fan 2): state changed from UNKNOWN to OK
/usr/sbin/smond : : Fan5(Fan Tray 3, Fan 1): state changed from UNKNOWN to OK
/usr/sbin/smond : : Fan6(Fan Tray 3, Fan 2): state changed from UNKNOWN to OK
Fan direction issue 
/var/log/syslog
 
/usr/sbin/smond : : Fan direction mismatch: 12 fans B2F; 1 fans F2B!
PSU failure 
/var/log/syslog
 
/usr/sbin/smond : : PSU1Fan1(PSU1 Fan): state changed from UNKNOWN to OK
/usr/sbin/smond : : PSU2Fan1(PSU2 Fan): state changed from UNKNOWN to BAD

System Data

Cumulus Linux includes several ways to monitor system data. In addition, you can receive alerts in high risk situations.

CPU Idle Time

When a CPU reports five high CPU alerts within a span of five minutes, the switch logs an alert.

Short bursts of high CPU can occur during switchd churn or routing protocol startup. Do not set alerts for these short bursts.

System Element Monitoring Commands Interval Poll
CPU utilization NVUE: nv show system cpu
Linux: sudo cat /proc/stat
top -b -n 1		 30 seconds
CPU Logs Log Location Log Entries
High CPU 
/var/log/syslog
 
sysmonitor: Critically high CPU use: 99%
systemd[1]: Starting Monitor system resources (cpu, memory, disk)…
systemd[1]: Started Monitor system resources (cpu, memory, disk).
sysmonitor: High CPU use: 89%
systemd[1]: Starting Monitor system resources (cpu, memory, disk)…
systemd[1]: Started Monitor system resources (cpu, memory, disk).
sysmonitor: CPU use no longer high: 77%

Cumulus Linux monitors CPU, memory, and disk space with sysmonitor. The configurations for the thresholds are in /etc/cumulus/sysmonitor.conf. For more information, see man sysmonitor.

CPU measure Thresholds
Use Alert: 90% Crit: 95%
Process Load Alarm: 95% Crit: 125%

Spectrum 1 CPUs can become overloaded at moderate to high network scale. If your Spectrum 1 switch is not able to process CPU-destined traffic or is running continually at high CPU, either reduce the scale of the network where you deploy Spectrum 1 switches or replace the switch with a newer generation switch that offers stronger compute resources.

Disk Usage

When monitoring disk utilization, you can exclude tmpfs from monitoring.

System Element Monitoring Commands Interval Poll
Disk utilization /bin/df -x tmpfs 300 seconds

Process Restart

In Cumulus Linux, systemd monitors and restarts processes.

Process Element Monitoring Commands
View processes that systemd monitors systemctl status

Layer 1 Protocols and Interfaces

Link and port state interface transitions log to /var/log/syslog and /var/log/switchd.log.

Interface Element Monitoring Commands
Link state NVUE: nv show interface <interface>

Linux: sudo cat /sys/class/net/<interface>/operstate
Link speed NVUE: nv show interface <inteface>

Linux: sudo cat /sys/class/net/<interface>/speed
Port state NVUE: nv show interface

Linux: ip link show
Bond state NVUE: nv show interface <bond>

Linux: sudo cat /proc/net/bonding/<bond>

You obtain interface counters from either querying the hardware or the Linux kernel. The Linux kernel aggregates the output from the hardware.

Interface Counter Element Monitoring Commands Interval Poll
Interface counters NVUE: nv show interface <interface> counters

Linux: cat /sys/class/net/<interface>/statistics/<statistic-name>
cl-netstat -j
ethtool -S <interface>		 10 seconds
Layer 1 Logs Log Location Log Entries
Link failure/Link flap 
/var/log/switchd.log
 
switchd[5692]: nic.c:213 nic_set_carrier: swp17: setting kernel carrier: down
switchd[5692]: netlink.c:291 libnl: swp1, family 0, ifi 20, oper down
switchd[5692]: nic.c:213 nic_set_carrier: swp1: setting kernel carrier: up
switchd[5692]: netlink.c:291 libnl: swp17, family 0, ifi 20, oper up
Unidirectional link 
/var/log/switchd.log
/var/log/ptm.log
 
ptmd[7146]: ptm_bfd.c:2471 Created new session 0x1 with peer 10.255.255.11 port swp1
ptmd[7146]: ptm_bfd.c:2471 Created new session 0x2 with peer fe80::4638:39ff:fe00:5b port swp1
ptmd[7146]: ptm_bfd.c:2471 Session 0x1 down to peer 10.255.255.11, Reason 8
ptmd[7146]: ptm_bfd.c:2471 Detect timeout on session 0x1 with peer 10.255.255.11, in state 1
Bond Negotiation Working 
/var/log/syslog
 
kernel: [85412.763193] bonding: bond0 is being created…
kernel: [85412.770014] bond0: Enslaving swp2 as a backup interface with an up link
kernel: [85412.775216] bond0: Enslaving swp1 as a backup interface with an up link
kernel: [85412.797393] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): bond0: link is not ready
kernel: [85412.799425] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_CHANGE): bond0: link becomes ready
Bond Negotiation Failing 
/var/log/syslog
 
kernel: [85412.763193] bonding: bond0 is being created…
kernel: [85412.770014] bond0: Enslaving swp2 as a backup interface with an up link
kernel: [85412.775216] bond0: Enslaving swp1 as a backup interface with an up link
kernel: [85412.797393] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): bond0: link is not ready
MLAG peerlink negotiation Working 
/var/log/syslog
 
lldpd[998]: error while receiving frame on swp50: Network is down
lldpd[998]: error while receiving frame on swp49: Network is down
kernel: [76174.262893] peerlink: Setting ad_actor_system to 44:38:39:00:00:11
kernel: [76174.264205] 8021q: adding VLAN 0 to HW filter on device peerlink
mstpd: one_clag_cmd: setting (1) peer link: peerlink
mstpd: one_clag_cmd: setting (1) clag state: up
mstpd: one_clag_cmd: setting system-mac 44:38:39:ff:40:94
mstpd: one_clag_cmd: setting clag-role secondary
 
/var/log/clagd.log
 
clagd[14003]: Cleanup is executing.
clagd[14003]: Cannot open file “/tmp/pre-clagd.q7XiO
clagd[14003]: Cleanup is finished
clagd[14003]: Beginning execution of clagd version 1
clagd[14003]: Invoked with: /usr/sbin/clagd –daemon
clagd[14003]: Role is now secondary
clagd[14003]: HealthCheck: role via backup is second
clagd[14003]: HealthCheck: backup active
clagd[14003]: Initial config loaded
clagd[14003]: The peer switch is active.
clagd[14003]: Initial data sync from peer done.
clagd[14003]: Initial handshake done.
clagd[14003]: Initial data sync to peer done.
MLAG peerlink negotiation Failing 
/var/log/syslog
 
lldpd[998]: error while receiving frame on swp50: Network is down
lldpd[998]: error while receiving frame on swp49: Network is down
kernel: [76174.262893] peerlink: Setting ad_actor_system to 44:38:39:00:00:11
kernel: [76174.264205] 8021q: adding VLAN 0 to HW filter on device peerlink
mstpd: one_clag_cmd: setting (1) peer link: peerlink
mstpd: one_clag_cmd: setting (1) clag state: down
mstpd: one_clag_cmd: setting system-mac 44:38:39:ff:40:94
mstpd: one_clag_cmd: setting clag-role secondary
 
/var/log/clagd.log
 
clagd[26916]: Cleanup is executing.
clagd[26916]: Cannot open file “/tmp/pre-clagd.6M527vvGX0/brbatch” for reading: No such file or directory
clagd[26916]: Cleanup is finished
clagd[26916]: Beginning execution of clagd version 1.3.0
clagd[26916]: Invoked with: /usr/sbin/clagd –daemon 169.254.1.2 peerlink.4094 44:38:39:FF:01:01 –priority 1000 –backupIp 10.0.0.2
clagd[26916]: Role is now secondary
clagd[26916]: Initial config loaded
MLAG port negotiation Working 
/var/log/syslog
 
kernel: [77419.112195] bonding: server01 is being created…
lldpd[998]: error while receiving frame on swp1: Network is down
kernel: [77419.122707] 8021q: adding VLAN 0 to HW filter on device swp1
kernel: [77419.126408] server01: Enslaving swp1 as a backup interface with a down link
kernel: [77419.177175] server01: Setting ad_actor_system to 44:38:39:ff:40:94
kernel: [77419.190874] server01: Warning: No 802.3ad response from the link partner for any adapters in the bond
kernel: [77419.191448] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): server01: link is not ready
kernel: [77419.191452] 8021q: adding VLAN 0 to HW filter on device server01
kernel: [77419.192060] server01: link status definitely up for interface swp1, 1000 Mbps full duplex
kernel: [77419.192065] server01: now running without any active interface!
kernel: [77421.491811] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_CHANGE): server01: link becomes ready
mstpd: one_clag_cmd: setting (1) mac 44:38:39:00:00:17 <server01, None>
 
/var/log/clagd.log
 
clagd[14003]: server01 is now dual connected.
MLAG port negotiation Failing 
/var/log/syslog
 
kernel: [79290.290999] bonding: server01 is being created…
kernel: [79290.299645] 8021q: adding VLAN 0 to HW filter on device swp1
kernel: [79290.301790] server01: Enslaving swp1 as a backup interface with a down link
kernel: [79290.358294] server01: Setting ad_actor_system to 44:38:39:ff:40:94
kernel: [79290.373590] server01: Warning: No 802.3ad response from the link partner for any adapters in the bond
kernel: [79290.374024] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): server01: link is not ready
kernel: [79290.374028] 8021q: adding VLAN 0 to HW filter on device server01
kernel: [79290.375033] server01: link status definitely up for interface swp1, 1000 Mbps full duplex
kernel: [79290.375037] server01: now running without any active interface!
 
/var/log/clagd.log
 
clagd[14291]: Conflict (server01): matching clag-id (1) not configured on peer…
clagd[14291]: Conflict cleared (server01): matching clag-id (1) detected on peer
MLAG port negotiation Flapping 
/var/log/syslog
 
mstpd: one_clag_cmd: setting (0) mac 00:00:00:00:00:00 <server01, None>
mstpd: one_clag_cmd: setting (1) mac 44:38:39:00:00:03 <server01, None>
 
/var/log/clagd.log
 
clagd[14291]: server01 is no longer dual connected
clagd[14291]: server01 is now dual connected.

PTM uses LLDP information to compare against a topology.dot file that describes the network. It has built in alerting capabilities. Use PTM on the switch instead of polling LLDP information regularly. You can install PTM from the Cumulus Linux GitHub repository.

Consider tracking peering information through PTM. For more information, refer to the Prescriptive Topology Manager documentation.

Neighbor Element Monitoring Commands Interval Poll
LLDP Neighbor sudo lldpctl -f json 300 seconds
Prescriptive Topology Manager ptmctl -j Triggered

Layer 2 Protocols

Spanning tree is a protocol that prevents loops in a layer 2 infrastructure. In a stable state, the spanning tree protocol converges. Monitor the Topology Change Notifications (TCN) in STP to identify when new BPDUs arrive.

Interface Counter Element Monitoring Commands Interval Poll
STP TCN Transitions NVUE: nv show bridge domain <bridge> stp

Linux: mstpctl showbridge json
mstpctl showport		 60 seconds
MLAG peer state NVUE: nv show mlag

Linux: clagctl status
sudo clagd -j
sudo cat /var/log/clagd.log		 60 seconds
MLAG peer MACs NVUE: nv show mlag

Linux: clagctl dumppeermacs
clagctl dumpourmacs		 300 seconds
Layer 2 Logs Log Location Log Entries
Spanning Tree Working 
/var/log/syslog
 
kernel: [1653877.190724] device swp1 entered promiscuous mode
kernel: [1653877.190796] device swp2 entered promiscuous mode
mstpd: create_br: Add bridge bridge
mstpd: clag_set_sys_mac_br: set bridge mac 00:00:00:00:00:00
mstpd: create_if: Add iface swp1 as port#2 to bridge bridge
mstpd: set_if_up: Port swp1 : up
mstpd: create_if: Add iface swp2 as port#1 to bridge bridge
mstpd: set_if_up: Port swp2 : up
mstpd: set_br_up: Set bridge bridge up
mstpd: MSTP_OUT_set_state: bridge:swp1:0 entering blocking state(Disabled)
mstpd: MSTP_OUT_set_state: bridge:swp2:0 entering blocking state(Disabled)
mstpd: MSTP_OUT_flush_all_fids: bridge:swp1:0 Flushing forwarding database
mstpd: MSTP_OUT_flush_all_fids: bridge:swp2:0 Flushing forwarding database
mstpd: MSTP_OUT_set_state: bridge:swp1:0 entering learning state(Designated)
mstpd: MSTP_OUT_set_state: bridge:swp2:0 entering learning state(Designated)
sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root
mstpd: MSTP_OUT_set_state: bridge:swp1:0 entering forwarding state(Designated)
mstpd: MSTP_OUT_set_state: bridge:swp2:0 entering forwarding state(Designated)
mstpd: MSTP_OUT_flush_all_fids: bridge:swp2:0 Flushing forwarding database
mstpd: MSTP_OUT_flush_all_fids: bridge:swp1:0 Flushing forwarding database
Spanning Tree Blocking 
/var/log/syslog
 
mstpd: MSTP_OUT_set_state: bridge:swp2:0 entering blocking state(Designated)
mstpd: MSTP_OUT_set_state: bridge:swp2:0 entering learning state(Designated)
mstpd: MSTP_OUT_set_state: bridge:swp2:0 entering forwarding state(Designated)
mstpd: MSTP_OUT_flush_all_fids: bridge:swp2:0 Flushing forwarding database
mstpd: MSTP_OUT_flush_all_fids: bridge:swp2:0 Flushing forwarding database
mstpd: MSTP_OUT_set_state: bridge:swp2:0 entering blocking state(Alternate)
mstpd: MSTP_OUT_flush_all_fids: bridge:swp2:0 Flushing forwarding database

Layer 3 Protocols

When FRR boots up for the first time, there is a different log file for each activated daemon. If you edit the log file (for example, through vtysh or frr.conf), the integrated configuration sends all logs to the same file.

To send FRR logs to syslog, apply the configuration log syslog in vtysh.

BGP

When monitoring BGP, check if BGP peers are operational. There is not much value in alerting on the current operational state of the peer; monitoring the transition is more valuable, which you can do by monitoring syslog.

Monitoring the routing table provides trending on the size of the infrastructure. This is useful when you integrate with host-based solutions (such as Routing on the Host) when the routes track with the number of applications available.

BGP Element Monitoring Commands Interval Poll
BGP peer failure sudo vtysh -c "show ip bgp summary json" 60 seconds
BGP route table sudo vtysh -c "show ip bgp json" 600 seconds
BGP Logs Log Location Log Entries
BGP peer down 
/var/log/syslog
/var/log/frr/*.log
 
bgpd[3000]: %NOTIFICATION: sent to neighbor swp1 4/0 (Hold Timer Expired) 0 bytes
bgpd[3000]: %ADJCHANGE: neighbor swp1 Down BGP Notification send

OSPF

When monitoring OSPF, check if OSPF peers are operational. There is not much value in alerting on the current operational state of the peer; monitoring the transition is more valuable, which you can do by monitoring syslog.

Monitoring the routing table provides trending on the size of the infrastructure. This is useful when you integrate with host-based solutions (such as Routing on the Host) when the routes track with the number of applications available.

OSPF Element Monitoring Commands Interval Poll
OSPF protocol peer failure sudo vtysh -c "show ip ospf neighbor all json"
cl-ospf summary show json		 60 seconds
OSPF link state database sudo vtysh - c "show ip ospf database" 600 seconds

Route and Host Entries

Route Element Monitoring Commands Interval Poll
Host Entries cl-resource-query
cl-resource-query -k		 600 seconds
Route Entries cl-resource-query
cl-resource-query -k		 600 seconds

Routing Logs

Layer 3 Logs Log Location Log Entries
Routing protocol process crash 
/var/log/syslog
 
frrouting[1824]: Starting FRRouting daemons (prio:10):. zebra. bgpd.
bgpd[1847]: BGPd 1.0.0+cl3u7 starting: vty@2605, bgp@:179
zebra[1840]: client 12 says hello and bids fair to announce only bgp routes
watchfrr[1853]: watchfrr 1.0.0+cl3u7 watching [zebra bgpd], mode [phased zebra restart]
watchfrr[1853]: bgpd state -> up : connect succeeded
watchfrr[1853]: bgpd state -> down : read returned EOF
cumulus-core: Running cl-support for core files bgpd.3030.1470341944.core.core_helper
core_check.sh[4992]: Please send /var/support/cl_support__spine01_20160804_201905.tar.xz to Cumulus support
watchfrr[1853]: Forked background command [pid 6665]: /usr/sbin/service frr restart bgpd
watchfrr[1853]: watchfrr 0.99.24+cl3u2 watching [zebra bgpd ospfd], mode [phased zebra restart]
watchfrr[1853]: zebra state -> up : connect succeeded
watchfrr[1853]: bgpd state -> up : connect succeeded
watchfrr[1853]: watchfrr: Notifying Systemd we are up and running

Logging

The table below describes the various log files.

Logging Element Monitoring Commands Log Location
syslog Catch all log file. Identifies memory leaks and CPU spikes. 
/var/log/syslog
switchd functionality Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL). 
/var/log/switchd.log
Routing daemons FRR zebra daemon details. 
/var/log/daemon.log
Routing protocol The log file is configurable in FRR. When FRR first boots, it uses the non-integrated configuration so each routing protocol has its own log file. After booting up, FRR switches over to using the integrated configuration, so that all logs go to a single place.

To edit the location of the log files, use the log file command. By default, Cumulus Linux does not send FRR logs to syslog. Use the log syslog command to send logs through rsyslog and into /var/log/syslog.

Note: To write syslog debug messages to the log file, you must run the log syslog debug command to configure FRR with syslog severity 7 (debug); otherwise, when you issue a debug command such as debug bgp neighbor-events, no output logs to /var/log/frr/frr.log.

However, when you manually define a log target with the log file /var/log/frr/debug.log command, FRR automatically defaults to severity 7 (debug) logging and the output logs to /var/log/frr/frr.log.		 
/var/log/frr/zebra.log
/var/log/frr/.log
/var/log/frr/frr.log

Device Management

Device Access Logs

Access Logs Log Location Log Entries
User Authentication and Remote Login 
/var/log/syslog
 
sshd[31830]: Accepted publickey for cumulus from 192.168.0.254 port 45582 ssh2: RSA 38:e6:3b:cc:04:ac:41:5e:c9:e3:93:9d:cc:9e:48:25
sshd[31830]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user cumulus by (uid=0)

Device Super User Command Logs

Super User Command Logs Log Location Log Entries
Executing commands using sudo 
/var/log/syslog
 
sudo: cumulus: TTY=unknown ; PWD=/home/cumulus ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/tmp/script_9938.sh -v
sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root

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