Installing a New Cumulus Linux Image

The default password for the cumulus user account is cumulus. The first time you log into Cumulus Linux, you must change this default password. Be sure to update any automation scripts before installing a new image. Cumulus Linux provides command line options to change the default password automatically during the installation process. Refer to ONIE Installation Options.

You can install a new Cumulus Linux image using ONIE, an open source project (equivalent to PXE on servers) that enables the installation of network operating systems (NOS) on bare metal switches.

Before you install Cumulus Linux, the switch can be in two different states:

The switch does not contain an image (the switch is only running ONIE).
Cumulus Linux is already on the switch but you want to use ONIE to reinstall Cumulus Linux or upgrade to a newer version.

The sections below describe some of the different ways you can install the Cumulus Linux image. Steps show how to install directly from ONIE (if no image is on the switch) and from Cumulus Linux (if the image is already on the switch). For additional methods to find and install the Cumulus Linux image, see the ONIE Design Specification.

You can download a Cumulus Linux image from the NVIDIA Enterprise support portal.

Installing the Cumulus Linux image is destructive; configuration files on the switch are not saved; copy them to a different server before installing.

In the following procedures:

You can name your Cumulus Linux image using any of the ONIE naming schemes.
Run the sudo onie-install -h command to show the ONIE installer options.

Install Using a DHCP/Web Server With DHCP Options

To install Cumulus Linux using a DHCP or web server with DHCP options, set up a DHCP/web server on your laptop and connect the eth0 management port of the switch to your laptop. After you connect the cable, the installation proceeds as follows:

The switch boots up and requests an IP address (DHCP request).
The DHCP server acknowledges and responds with DHCP option 114 and the location of the installation image.
ONIE downloads the Cumulus Linux image, installs, and reboots.

You are now running Cumulus Linux.

The most common way is to send DHCP option 114 with the entire URL to the web server (this can be the same system). However, there are other ways you can use DHCP even if you do not have full control over DHCP. See the ONIE user guide for information on partial installer URLs and advanced DHCP options; both articles list more supported DHCP options.

The following shows an example DHCP configuration with an ISC DHCP server:

subnet 172.0.24.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
  range 172.0.24.20 172.0.24.200;
  option default-url = "http://172.0.24.14/onie-installer-x86_64";
}

The following shows an example DHCP configuration with dnsmasq (static address assignment):

dhcp-host=sw4,192.168.100.14,6c:64:1a:00:03:ba,set:sw4
dhcp-option=tag:sw4,114,"http://roz.rtplab.test/onie-installer-x86_64"

If you do not have a web server, you can use this free Apache example.

Install Using a DHCP/Web Server without DHCP Options

Follow the steps below if you can log into the switch on a serial console (ONIE), or log in on the console or with ssh (Install from Cumulus Linux).

Install from ONIE

Place the Cumulus Linux image in a directory on the web server.

Run the onie-nos-install command:

ONIE:/ #onie-nos-install http://10.0.1.251/path/to/cumulus-install-x86_64.bin

Install from Cumulus Linux

Place the Cumulus Linux image in a directory on the web server.

From the Cumulus Linux command prompt, run the onie-install command, then reboot the switch.

cumulus@switch:~$ sudo onie-install -a -i http://10.0.1.251/path/to/cumulus-install-x86_64.bin

Install Using a Web Server With no DHCP

Follow the steps below if you can log into the switch on a serial console (ONIE), or you can log in on the console or with ssh (Install from Cumulus Linux) but no DHCP server is available.

You need a console connection to access the switch; you cannot perform this procedure remotely.

Install from ONIE

ONIE is in discovery mode. You must disable discovery mode with the following command:
```
onie# onie-discovery-stop
```
On older ONIE versions, if the onie-discovery-stop command is not supported, run:
```
onie# /etc/init.d/discover.sh stop
```
Assign a static address to eth0 with the ip addr add command:
```
ONIE:/ #ip addr add 10.0.1.252/24 dev eth0
```
Place the Cumulus Linux image in a directory on your web server.

Run the installer manually (because there are no DHCP options):

ONIE:/ #onie-nos-install http://10.0.1.251/path/to/cumulus-install-x86_64.bin

Install from Cumulus Linux

Place the Cumulus Linux image in a directory on your web server.

From the Cumulus Linux command prompt, run the onie-install command, then reboot the switch.

cumulus@switch:~$ sudo onie-install -a -i http://10.0.1.251/path/to/cumulus-install-x86_64.bin

Install Using FTP Without a Web Server

Follow the steps below if your laptop is on the same network as the switch eth0 interface but no DHCP server is available.

Install from ONIE

Set up DHCP or static addressing for eth0. The following example assigns a static address to eth0:
```
ONIE:/ #ip addr add 10.0.1.252/24 dev eth0
```
If you are using static addressing, disable ONIE discovery mode:
```
onie# onie-discovery-stop
```
On older ONIE versions, if the onie-discovery-stop command is not supported, run:
```
onie# /etc/init.d/discover.sh stop
```
Place the Cumulus Linux image into a TFTP or FTP directory.

If you are not using DHCP options, run one of the following commands (tftp for TFTP or ftp for FTP):

ONIE# onie-nos-install ftp://local-ftp-server/cumulus-install-x86_64.bin

ONIE# onie-nos-install tftp://local-tftp-server/cumulus-install-[PLATFORM].bin

Install from Cumulus Linux

Place the Cumulus Linux image into an FTP directory (TFTP is not supported in Cumulus Linux).

From the Cumulus Linux command prompt, run the following command, then reboot the switch.

cumulus@switch:~$ sudo onie-install -a -i ftp://local-ftp-server/cumulus-install-x86_64.bin

Install Using a Local File

Follow the steps below to install the Cumulus Linux image referencing a local file.

Install from ONIE

Set up DHCP or static addressing for eth0. The following example assigns a static address to eth0:
```
ONIE:/ #ip addr add 10.0.1.252/24 dev eth0
```
If you are using static addressing, disable ONIE discovery mode.
```
onie# onie-discovery-stop
```
On older ONIE versions, if the onie-discovery-stop command is not supported, run:
```
onie# /etc/init.d/discover.sh stop
```
Use scp to copy the Cumulus Linux image to the switch.

Run the installer manually from ONIE:

ONIE:/ #onie-nos-install /path/to/local/file/cumulus-install-x86_64.bin

Install from Cumulus Linux

The onie-install command lets you stage a Cumulus Linux image and other files, such as a ZTP script or an NVUE startup.yaml file, then run the installation on the switch when you are ready.

You can provide the following file paths with the onie-install command:

The local file path (absolute or relative path)
http://server/path/
https://server/path/
scp://user@server/path/
ftp://server/path/ (anonymous only)

Use these options to stage additional files with the Cumulus Linux image:

-z stages a ZTP script.
-t stages an NVUE startup.yaml file.

The following example stages an image on an HTTP server:

cumulus@cumulus:~$ sudo onie-install -i http://203.0.113.10/image-installer

The following example stages an image and a ZTP script on an HTTP server:

cumulus@cumulus:~$ sudo onie-install -i http://203.0.113.10/image-installer -z http://203.0.113.10/ztp-script

The following example stages an image on an HTTP server and a local NVUE startup.yaml file:

cumulus@cumulus:~$ sudo onie-install -i http://203.0.113.10/image-installer -t /etc/nvue.d/startup.yaml

When you stage an NVUE startup.yaml file, ZTP will still run after the new image is installed. To avoid this, use the -z option to specify a ZTP script that exists without taking any action, or disable ZTP after the new image is running with the sudo ztp -d or nv action disable system ztp commands.

To activate the staged installation, use the -a option, then reboot the switch:

cumulus@cumulus:~$ sudo onie-install -a
WARNING: This will wipe out all system data
WARNING: Make sure to back up your data
Are you sure (N/y)? y
Activating staged installer...done.
Reboot required to take effect.

You can combine the -i, -z, -t and -a options. In addition, you can use the -f (force) option together with the -a option to suppress the yes and no prompts:

cumulus@cumulus:~$ sudo onie-install -fa -i http://203.0.113.10/image-installer -z http://203.0.113.10/ztp-script -t /etc/nvue.d/startup.yaml
Staging installer image... Adding ZTP script...done.
Activating staged installer...done.
Reboot required to take effect.

Install Using a USB Drive

Follow the steps below to install the Cumulus Linux image using a USB drive.

Installing Cumulus Linux using a USB drive is not scalable. DHCP can scale to hundreds of switch installs with zero manual input unlike USB installs.

Prepare for USB Installation

From the NVIDIA Enterprise support portal, download the appropriate Cumulus Linux image for your platform.
From a computer, prepare your USB drive by formatting it using one of the supported formats: FAT32, vFAT or EXT2.
▼ Optional: Prepare a USB Drive inside Cumulus Linux
a. Insert your USB drive into the USB port on the switch running Cumulus Linux and log in to the switch. Examine output from cat /proc/partitions and sudo fdisk -l [device] to determine the location of your USB drive. For example, sudo fdisk -l /dev/sdb.

These instructions assume your USB drive is the /dev/sdb device, which is typical if you insert the USB drive after the machine is already booted. However, if you insert the USB drive during the boot process, it is possible that your USB drive is the /dev/sda device. Make sure to modify the commands below to use the proper device for your USB drive.

b. Create a new partition table on the USB drive. If the parted utility is not on the system, install it with sudo -E apt-get install parted.
```
sudo parted /dev/sdb mklabel msdos
```
c. Create a new partition on the USB drive:
```
sudo parted /dev/sdb -a optimal mkpart primary 0% 100%
```
d. Format the partition to your filesystem of choice using one of the examples below:
```
sudo mkfs.ext2 /dev/sdb1
sudo mkfs.msdos -F 32 /dev/sdb1
sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/sdb1
```
To use mkfs.msdos or mkfs.vfat, you need to install the dosfstools package from the Debian software repositories, as they are not included by default.

e. To continue installing Cumulus Linux, mount the USB drive to move files:
```
sudo mkdir /mnt/usb
sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/usb
```
Copy the Cumulus Linux image to the USB drive, then rename the image file to onie-installer-x86_64.

You can also use any of the ONIE naming schemes mentioned here.

When using a MAC or Windows computer to rename the installation file, the file extension can still be present. Make sure you remove the file extension so that ONIE can detect the file.
Insert the USB drive into the switch, then prepare the switch for installation:
- If the switch is offline, connect to the console and power on the switch.
- If the switch is already online in ONIE, use the reboot command.
SSH sessions to the switch get dropped after this step. To complete the remaining instructions, connect to the console of the switch. Cumulus Linux switches display their boot process to the console; you need to monitor the console specifically to complete the next step.
Monitor the console and select the ONIE option from the first GRUB screen shown below.
Cumulus Linux on x86 uses GRUB chainloading to present a second GRUB menu specific to the ONIE partition. No action is necessary in this menu to select the default option ONIE: Install OS.
The switch recognizes the USB drive and mounts it automatically. Cumulus Linux installation begins.
After installation completes, the switch automatically reboots into the newly installed instance of Cumulus Linux.

ONIE Installation Options

You can run several installer command line options from ONIE to perform basic switch configuration automatically after installation completes and Cumulus Linux boots for the first time. These options enable you to:

Set a unique password for the cumulus user
Provide an initial network configuration
Execute a ZTP script to perform necessary configuration

The onie-nos-install command does not allow you to specify command line parameters. You must access the switch from the console and transfer a disk image to the switch. You must then make the disk image executable and install the image directly from the ONIE command line with the options you want to use.

The following example commands transfer a disk image to the switch, make the image executable, and install the image with the --password option to change the default cumulus user password:

ONIE:/ # wget http://myserver.datacenter.com/cumulus-linux-4.4.0-mlx-amd64.bin
ONIE:/ # chmod 755 cumulus-linux-4.4.0-mlx-amd64.bin
ONIE:/ # ./cumulus-linux-4.4.0-mlx-amd64.bin --password 'MyP4$$word'

You can run more than one option in the same command.

Set the cumulus User Password

The default cumulus user account password is cumulus. When you log into Cumulus Linux for the first time, you must provide a new password for the cumulus account, then log back into the system.

To automate this process, you can specify a new password from the command line of the installer with the --password '<clear text-password>' option. For example, to change the default cumulus user password to MyP4$$word:

ONIE:/ # ./cumulus-linux-4.4.0-mlx-amd64.bin --password 'MyP4$$word'

To provide a hashed password instead of a clear text password, use the --hashed-password '<hash>' option. An encrypted hash maintains a secure management network.

Generate a sha-512 password hash with the following openssl command. The example command generates a sha-512 password hash for the password MyP4$$word.

user@host:~$ openssl passwd -6 'MyP4$$word'
6$LXOrvmOkqidBGqu7$dy0dpYYllekNKOY/9LLrobWA4iGwL4zHsgG97qFQWAMZ3ZzMeyz11JcqtgwKDEgYR6RtjfDtdPCeuj8eNzLnS.

Specify the new password from the command line of the installer with the --hashed-password '<hash>' command:

ONIE:/ # ./cumulus-linux-4.4.0-mlx-amd64.bin  --hashed-password '6$LXOrvmOkqidBGqu7$dy0dpYYllekNKOY/9LLrobWA4iGwL4zHsgG97qFQWAMZ3ZzMeyz11JcqtgwKDEgYR6RtjfDtdPCeuj8eNzLnS.'

If you specify both the --password and --hashed-password options, the --hashed-password option takes precedence and the switch ignores the --password option.

Provide Initial Network Configuration

To provide initial network configuration automatically when Cumulus Linux boots for the first time after installation, use the --interfaces-file <filename> option. For example, to copy the contents of a file called network.intf into the /etc/network/interfaces file and run the ifreload -a command:

ONIE:/ # ./cumulus-linux-4.4.0-mlx-amd64.bin  --interfaces-file network.intf

Execute a ZTP Script

To run a ZTP script that contains commands to execute after Cumulus Linux boots for the first time after installation, use the --ztp <filename> option. For example, to run a ZTP script called initial-conf.ztp:

ONIE:/ # ./cumulus-linux-4.4.0-mlx-amd64.bin --ztp initial-conf.ztp

The ZTP script must contain the CUMULUS-AUTOPROVISIONING string near the beginning of the file and must reside on the ONIE filesystem. Refer to Zero Touch Provisioning - ZTP.

If you use the --ztp option together with any of the other command line options, the ZTP script takes precedence and the switch ignores other command line options.

Change the Default BIOS Password

To provide a layer of security and to prevent unauthorized access to the switch, NVIDIA recommends you change the default BIOS password. The default BIOS password is admin.

To change the default BIOS password:

During system boot, press Ctrl+B through the serial console while the BIOS version prints.
From the Security menu, select Administrator Password.

Follow the prompts.

Edit the Cumulus Linux Image (Advanced)

The Cumulus Linux disk image file contains a BASH script that includes a set of variables. You can set these variables to be able to install a fully configured system with a single image file.

▼ To edit the image

Example Image File

The Cumulus Linux disk image file is a self-extracting executable. The executable part of the file is a BASH script at the beginning of the file. Towards the beginning of this BASH script are a set of variables with empty strings:

...
CL_INSTALLER_PASSWORD=''
CL_INSTALLER_HASHED_PASSWORD=''
CL_INSTALLER_LICENSE=''
CL_INSTALLER_INTERFACES_FILENAME=''
CL_INSTALLER_INTERFACES_CONTENT=''
CL_INSTALLER_ZTP_FILENAME=''
CL_INSTALLER_QUIET=""
CL_INSTALLER_FORCEINST=""
CL_INSTALLER_INTERACTIVE=""
CL_INSTALLER_EXTRACTDIR=""
CL_INSTALLER_PAYLOAD_SHA256="72a8c3da28cda7a610e272b67fa1b3a54c50248bf6abf720f73ff3d10e79ae76"

You can set these variables:

Variable	Description
`CL_INSTALLER_PASSWORD`	Defines the clear text password. This variable is equivalent to the ONIE installer command line option `--password`.
`CL_INSTALLER_HASHED_PASSWORD`	Defines the hashed password. This variable is equivalent to the ONIE installer command line option `--hashed-password`. If you set both the `CL_INSTALLER_PASSWORD` and `CL_INSTALLER_HASHED_PASSWORD` variable, the `CL_INSTALLER_HASHED_PASSWORD` takes precedence.
`CL_INSTALLER_INTERFACES_FILENAME`	Defines the name of the file on the ONIE filesystem you want to use as the `/etc/network/interfaces` file. This variable is equivalent to the ONIE installer command line option `--interfaces-file`.
`CL_INSTALLER_INTERFACES_CONTENT`	Describes the network interfaces available on your system and how to activate them. Setting this variable defines the contents of the `/etc/network/interfaces` file. There is no equivalent ONIE installer command line option. If you set both the `CL_INSTALLER_INTERFACES_FILENAME` and `CL_INSTALLER_INTERFACES_CONTENT` variables, the `CL_INSTALLER_INTERFACES_FILENAME` takes precedence.
`CL_INSTALLER_ZTP_FILENAME`	Defines the name of the ZTP file on the ONIE filesystem you want to execute at first boot after installation. This variable is equivalent to the ONIE installer command line option `--ztp`

Edit the Image File

Because the Cumulus Linux image file is a binary file, you cannot use standard text editors to edit the file directly. Instead, you must split the file into two parts, edit the first part, then put the two parts back together.

Copy the first 20 lines to an empty file:

head -20 cumulus-linux-4.4.0-mlx-amd64.bin > cumulus-linux-4.4.0-mlx-amd64.bin.1

Remove the first 20 lines of the image, then copy the remaining lines into another empty file:

sed -e '1,20d' cumulus-linux-4.4.0-mlx-amd64.bin > cumulus-linux-4.4.0-mlx-amd64.bin.2

The original file is now split, with the first 20 lines in cumulus-linux-4.4.0-mlx-amd64.bin.1 and the remaining lines in cumulus-linux-4.4.0-mlx-amd64.bin.2.

Use a text editor to change the variables in cumulus-linux-4.4.0-mlx-amd64.bin.1.
Put the two pieces back together using cat:

cat cumulus-linux-4.4.0-mlx-amd64.bin.1 cumulus-linux-4.4.0-mlx-amd64.bin.2 > cumulus-linux-4.4.0-mlx-amd64.bin.final

Calculate the new checksum and update the CL_INSTALLER_PAYLOAD_SHA256 variable.
sed -e '1,/^exit_marker$/d' "cumulus-linux-4.4.0-mlx-amd64.bin.final" | sha256sum | awk '{ print $1 }'

This following example shows a modified image file:

...
CL_INSTALLER_PAYLOAD_SHA256='d14a028c2a3a2bc9476102bb288234c415a2b01f828ea62ac332e42f'
CL_INSTALLER_PASSWORD='MyP4$$word'
CL_INSTALLER_HASHED_PASSWORD=''
CL_INSTALLER_LICENSE='customer@datacenter.com|4C3YMCACDiK0D/EnrxlXpj71FBBNAg4Yrq+brza4ZtJFCInvalid'
CL_INSTALLER_INTERFACES_FILENAME=''
CL_INSTALLER_INTERFACES_CONTENT='# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system and how to activate them.

source /etc/network/interfaces.d/*.intf

# The loopback network interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

# The primary network interface
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp
	vrf mgmt

auto bridge
iface bridge
    bridge-ports swp1 swp2
    bridge-pvid 1
    bridge-vids 10 11
    bridge-vlan-aware yes

auto mgmt
iface mgmt
	address 127.0.0.1/8
	address ::1/128
	vrf-table auto
'
CL_INSTALLER_ZTP_FILENAME=''
...

You can install this edited image file in the usual way, by using the ONIE install waterfall or the onie-nos-install command.

If you install the modified installation image and specify installer command line parameters, the command line parameters take precedence over the variables modified in the image.

Secure Boot

Secure Boot validates each binary image loaded during system boot with key signatures that correspond to a stored trusted key in firmware.

Secure Boot is only on the NVIDIA SN3700C-S switch and switches with the Spectrum-4 ASIC.

Secure Boot settings are in the BIOS Security menu. To access BIOS, press Ctrl+B through the serial console during system boot while the BIOS version prints:

To access the BIOS menu, use admin which is the default BIOS password:

NVIDIA recommends changing the default BIOS password; navigate to Security and select Administrator Password.

To validate or change the Secure Boot mode, navigate to Security and select Secure Boot:

In the Secure Boot menu, you can enable and disable Secure Boot mode. To install an unsigned version of Cumulus Linux or access ONIE without a prompt for a username and password, set Secure Boot to disabled:

To access ONIE when Secure Boot is enabled, authentication is necessary. The default username and password are both root:

ONIE: Rescue Mode ...
Platform  : x86_64-mlnx_x86-r0
Version   : 2021.02-5.3.0006-rc3-115200
Build Date: 2021-05-20T14:27+03:00
Info: Mounting kernel filesystems... done.

Info: Mounting ONIE-BOOT on /mnt/onie-boot ...
[   17.011057] ext4 filesystem being mounted at /mnt/onie-boot supports timestamps until 2038 (0x7fffffff)
Info: Mounting EFI System on /boot/efi ...
Info: BIOS mode: UEFI
Info: Using eth0 MAC address: b8:ce:f6:3c:62:06
Info: eth0:  Checking link... up.
Info: Trying DHCPv4 on interface: eth0
ONIE: Using DHCPv4 addr: eth0: 10.20.84.226 / 255.255.255.0
Starting: klogd... done.
Starting: dropbear ssh daemon... done.
Starting: telnetd... done.
discover: Rescue mode detected.  Installer disabled.

Please press Enter to activate this console. To check the install status inspect /var/log/onie.log.
Try this:  tail -f /var/log/onie.log

** Rescue Mode Enabled **
login: root
Password: root
ONIE:~ #

To validate the Secure Boot status of a system from Cumulus Linux, run the mokutil --sb-state command.

cumulus@leaf01:mgmt:~$ mokutil --sb-state
SecureBoot enabled

On a switch with the Spectrum-4 ASIC, if the ASIC firmware fails to boot, you see a message alerting you to contact NVIDIA Customer Support for further options.

Installing a New Cumulus Linux Image

Install Using a DHCP/Web Server With DHCP Options

Install Using a DHCP/Web Server without DHCP Options

Install Using a Web Server With no DHCP

Install Using FTP Without a Web Server

Install Using a Local File

Install Using a USB Drive

Prepare for USB Installation

ONIE Installation Options

Set the cumulus User Password

Provide Initial Network Configuration

Execute a ZTP Script

Change the Default BIOS Password

Edit the Cumulus Linux Image (Advanced)

Example Image File

Edit the Image File

Secure Boot

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Installing a New Cumulus Linux Image

Install Using a DHCP/Web Server With DHCP Options

Install Using a DHCP/Web Server without DHCP Options

Install Using a Web Server With no DHCP

Install Using FTP Without a Web Server

Install Using a Local File

Install Using a USB Drive

Prepare for USB Installation

ONIE Installation Options

Set the cumulus User Password

Provide Initial Network Configuration

Execute a ZTP Script

Change the Default BIOS Password

Edit the Cumulus Linux Image (Advanced)

Example Image File

Edit the Image File

Secure Boot

Related Information