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Cumulus Linux

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Policy-based Routing

Typical routing systems and protocols forward traffic based on the destination address in the packet, which is used to look up an entry in a routing table. However, sometimes the traffic on your network requires a more hands-on approach. You might need to forward a packet based on the source address, the packet size, or other information in the packet header.

Policy-based routing (PBR) lets you make routing decisions based on filters that change the routing behavior of specific traffic so that you can override the routing table and influence where the traffic goes. For example, you can use PBR to help you reach the best bandwidth utilization for business-critical applications, isolate traffic for inspection or analysis, or manually load balance outbound traffic.

Policy-based routing is applied to incoming packets. All packets received on a PBR-enabled interface pass through enhanced packet filters that determine rules and specify where to forward the packets.

  • You can create a maximum of 255 PBR match rules and 256 next hop groups (this is the ECMP limit).
  • You can apply only one PBR policy per input interface.
  • You can match on source and destination IP address only.
  • PBR is not supported for VXLAN tunneling.
  • PBR is not supported on management interfaces, such as eth0.
  • A PBR rule cannot contain both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.

Configure PBR

A PBR policy contains one or more policy maps. Each policy map:

  • Is identified with a unique map name and sequence number. The sequence number is used to determine the relative order of the map within the policy.
  • Contains a match source IP rule or a match destination IP rule, and a set rule.
    • To match on a source and destination address, a policy map can contain both match source and match destination IP rules.
    • A set rule determines the PBR next hop for the policy. The set rule can contain a single next hop IP address or it can contain a next hop group. A next hop group has more than one next hop IP address so that you can use multiple interfaces to forward traffic. To use ECMP, you configure a next hop group.

To use PBR in Cumulus Linux, you define a PBR policy and apply it to the ingress interface (the interface must already have an IP address assigned). Traffic is matched against the match rules in sequential order and forwarded according to the set rule in the first match. Traffic that does not match any rule is passed onto the normal destination based routing mechanism.

For Tomahawk and Tomahawk+ platforms, you must configure the switch to operate in non-atomic mode, which offers better scaling as all TCAM resources are used to actively impact traffic. Add the line acl.non_atomic_update_mode = TRUE to the /etc/cumulus/switchd.conf file.

To configure a PBR policy:

When you commit a change that configures a new routing service such as PBR, the FRR daemon restarts and might interrupt network operations for other configured routing services.

  1. Configure the policy map. The example commands below configure a policy map called map1 with sequence number 1, that matches on destination address 10.1.2.0/24 and source address 10.1.4.1/24.

    If the IP address in the rule is 0.0.0.0/0 or ::/0, any IP address is a match. You cannot mix IPv4 and IPv6 addresses in a rule.

    cumulus@switch:~$ net add pbr-map map1 seq 1 match dst-ip 10.1.2.0/24
cumulus@switch:~$ net add pbr-map map1 seq 1 match src-ip 10.1.4.1/24

  2. Either apply a next hop or a next hop group to the policy map. The example command below applies the next hop 192.168.0.31 on the output interface swp2 and VRF rocket to the map1 policy map. The output interface and VRF are optional, however, you must specify the VRF you want to use for resolution if the next hop is not in the default VRF.

    cumulus@switch:~$ net add pbr-map map1 seq 1 set nexthop 192.168.0.31 swp2 nexthop-vrf rocket

    To apply a next hop group (for ECMP) to the policy map, first create the next hop group, then apply the group to the policy map. The example commands below create a next hop group called group1 that contains the next hop 192.168.0.21 on output interface swp1 and VRF rocket, and the next hop 192.168.0.22, then applies the next hop group group1 to the map1 policy map.

    The output interface and VRF are optional. However, you must specify the VRF if the next hop is not in the default VRF.

    cumulus@switch:~$ net add nexthop-group group1 nexthop 192.168.0.21 swp1 nexthop-vrf rocket
cumulus@switch:~$ net add nexthop-group group1 nexthop 192.168.0.22
cumulus@switch:~$ net add pbr-map map1 seq 1 set nexthop-group group1

  3. Assign the PBR policy to an ingress interface. The example command below assigns the PBR policy map1 to interface swp51:

    cumulus@switch:~$ net add interface swp51 pbr-policy map1
cumulus@switch:~$ net pending
cumulus@switch:~$ net commit

You can only set one policy per interface.

  1. Enable the pbrd service in the /etc/frr/daemons file:

    cumulus@leaf01:~$ sudo nano /etc/frr/daemons
...
bgpd=yes
ospfd=no
ospf6d=no
ripd=no
ripngd=no
isisd=no
fabricd=no
pimd=no
ldpd=no
nhrpd=no
eigrpd=no
babeld=no
sharpd=no
pbrd=yes
...

  2. Restart FRR with this command:

cumulus@switch:~$ sudo systemctl restart frr.service

Restarting FRR restarts all the routing protocol daemons that are enabled and running.

  1. Configure the policy map. The example commands below configure a policy map called map1 with sequence number 1, that matches on destination address 10.1.2.0/24 and source address 10.1.4.1/24.

    cumulus@switch:~$ sudo vtysh

switch# configure terminal
switch(config)# pbr-map map1 seq 1 
switch(config-pbr-map)# match dst-ip 10.1.2.0/24
switch(config-pbr-map)# match src-ip 10.1.4.1/24

    If the IP address in the rule is 0.0.0.0/0 or ::/0, any IP address is a match. You cannot mix IPv4 and IPv6 addresses in a rule.

  2. Either apply a next hop or a next hop group to the policy map. The example command below applies the next hop 192.168.0.31 on the output interface swp2 and VRF rocket to the map1 policy map. The output interface and VRF are optional, however, you must specify the VRF you want to use for resolution if the next hop is not in the default VRF.

    switch(config-pbr-map)# set nexthop 192.168.0.31 swp2 nexthop-vrf rocket
switch(config-pbr-map)# exit
switch(config)#

    To apply a next hop group (for ECMP) to the policy map, first create the next hop group, then apply the group to the policy map. The example commands below create a next hop group called group1 that contains the next hop 192.168.0.21 on output interface swp1 and VRF rocket, and the next hop 192.168.0.22, then applies the next hop group group1 to the map1 policy map.

    The output interface and VRF are optional. However, you must specify the VRF if the next hop is not in the default VRF.

    switch(config)# nexthop-group group1
switch(config-nh-group)# nexthop 192.168.0.21 swp1 nexthop-vrf rocket
switch(config-nh-group)# nexthop 192.168.0.22
switch(config-nh-group)# exit
switch(config)# pbr-map map1 seq 1
switch(config-pbr-map)# set nexthop-group group1
switch(config-pbr-map)# exit
switch(config)#

  3. Assign the PBR policy to an ingress interface. The example command below assigns the PBR policy map1 to interface swp51:

    switch(config)# interface swp51
switch(config-if)# pbr-policy map1
switch(config-if)# end
switch# write memory
switch# exit
cumulus@switch:~$

You can only set one policy per interface.

The NCLU and vtysh commands save the configuration in the /etc/frr/frr.conf file. For example:

...
interface swp51
 pbr-policy map1
...
nexthop-group group1
 nexthop 192.168.0.21 swp1 nexthop-vrf rocket
 nexthop 192.168.0.22
...
pbr-map map1 seq 1
 match dst-ip 10.1.2.0/24
 match src-ip 0.0.0.0/0
 set nexthop nexthop-group group1
...

Configuration Example

In the following example, the PBR-enabled switch has a PBR policy to route all traffic from the Internet to a server that performs anti-DDOS. The traffic returns to the PBR-enabled switch after being cleaned and is then passed onto the regular destination based routing mechanism.

The configuration for the example above is:

cumulus@switch:~$ net add pbr-map map1 seq 1 match src-ip 0.0.0.0/0
cumulus@switch:~$ net add pbr-map map1 seq 1 set nexthop 192.168.0.32
cumulus@switch:~$ net add interface swp51 pbr-policy map1
cumulus@switch:~$ net pending
cumulus@switch:~$ net commit

cumulus@switch:~$ sudo vtysh

switch# configure terminal
switch(config)# pbr-map map1 seq 1 
switch(config-pbr-map)# match src-ip 0.0.0.0/0
switch(config-pbr-map)# set nexthop 192.168.0.32
switch(config-pbr-map)# exit
switch(config)# interface swp51
switch(config-if)# pbr-policy map1
switch(config-if)# end
switch# write memory
switch# exit
cumulus@switch:~$

The NCLU and vtysh commands save the configuration in the /etc/frr/frr.conf file. For example:

...
interface swp51
 pbr-policy map1
...
pbr-map map1 seq 1
 match src-ip 0.0.0.0/0
 set nexthop 192.168.0.32
...

Review Your Configuration

Use the following commands to see the configured PBR policies.

To see the policies applied to all interfaces on the switch, run the NCLU net show pbr interface command or the vtysh show pbr interface command. For example:

cumulus@switch:~$ net show pbr interface
swp55s3(67) with pbr-policy map1

To see the policies applied to a specific interface on the switch, add the interface name at the end of the command; for example, net show pbr interface swp51 (or show pbr interface swp51 in vtysh).

To see information about all policies, including mapped table and rule numbers, run the NCLU net show pbr map command or the vtysh show pbr map command. If the rule is not set, you see a reason why.

cumulus@switch:~$ net show pbr map
 pbr-map map1 valid: 1
  Seq: 700 rule: 999 Installed: 1(1) Reason: Valid
      SRC Match: 10.0.0.1/32
  nexthop 192.168.0.32
      Installed: 1(1) Tableid: 10003
  Seq: 701 rule: 1000 Installed: 1(2) Reason: Valid
      SRC Match: 90.70.0.1/32
  nexthop 192.168.0.32
      Installed: 1(1) Tableid: 10004

To see information about a specific policy, what it matches, and with which interface it is associated, add the map name at the end of the command; for example, net show pbr map map1 (or show pbr map map1 in vtysh).

To see information about all next hop groups, run the NCLU net show pbr nexthop-group command or the vtysh show pbr nexthop-group command.

cumulus@switch:~$ net show pbr nexthop-group
Nexthop-Group: map1701 Table: 10004 Valid: 1 Installed: 1
Valid: 1 nexthop 10.1.1.2
Nexthop-Group: map1700 Table: 10003 Valid: 1 Installed: 1
Valid: 1 nexthop 10.1.1.2
Nexthop-Group: group1 Table: 10000 Valid: 1 Installed: 1
Valid: 1 nexthop 192.168.10.0 bond1
Valid: 1 nexthop 192.168.10.2
Valid: 1 nexthop 192.168.10.3 vlan70
Nexthop-Group: group2 Table: 10001 Valid: 1 Installed: 1
Valid: 1 nexthop 192.168.8.1
Valid: 1 nexthop 192.168.8.2
Valid: 1 nexthop 192.168.8.3

To see information about a specific next hop group, add the group name at the end of the command; for example, net show pbr nexthop-group group1 (or show pbr nexthop-group group1 in vtysh).

A new Linux routing table ID is used for each next hop and next hop group.

Modifying Existing PBR Rules

When you want to change or extend an existing PBR rule, you must first delete the conditions in the rule, then add the rule back with the modification or addition.

The example below shows an existing configuration.

cumulus@switch:~$ net show pbr map
Seq: 4 rule: 303 Installed: 1(10) Reason: Valid
    SRC Match: 10.1.4.1/24
    DST Match: 10.1.2.0/24
 nexthop 192.168.0.21
    Installed: 1(1) Tableid: 10009

The NCLU commands for the above configuration are:

cumulus@switch:~$ net add pbr-map pbr-policy seq 4 match src-ip 10.1.4.1/24
cumulus@switch:~$ net add pbr-map pbr-policy seq 4 match dst-ip 10.1.2.0/24
cumulus@switch:~$ net add pbr-map pbr-policy seq 4 set nexthop 192.168.0.21

To change the source IP match from 10.1.4.1/24 to 10.1.4.2/24, you must delete the existing sequence by explicitly specifying the match/set condition. For example:

cumulus@switch:~$ net del pbr-map pbr-policy seq 4 match src-ip 10.1.4.1/24
cumulus@switch:~$ net del pbr-map pbr-policy seq 4 match dst-ip 10.1.2.0/24
cumulus@switch:~$ net del pbr-map pbr-policy seq 4 set nexthop 192.168.0.21
cumulus@switch:~$ net commit

Add the new rule with the following NCLU commands:

cumulus@switch:~$ net add pbr-map pbr-policy seq 4 match src-ip 10.1.4.2/24
cumulus@switch:~$ net add pbr-map pbr-policy seq 4 match dst-ip 10.1.2.0/24
cumulus@switch:~$ net add pbr-map pbr-policy seq 4 set nexthop 192.168.0.21
cumulus@switch:~$ net commit

Run the net show pbr map command to verify that the rule has the updated source IP match:

cumulus@switch:~$ net show pbr map
Seq: 4 rule: 303 Installed: 1(10) Reason: Valid
     SRC Match: 10.1.4.2/24
     DST Match: 10.1.2.0/24
   nexthop 192.168.0.21
     Installed: 1(1) Tableid: 10012

Run the ip rule show command to verify the entry in the kernel:

cumulus@switch:~$ ip rule show

303:	from 10.1.4.1/24 to 10.1.4.2 iif swp16 lookup 10012

Run the following command to verify switchd:

cumulus@switch:~$ sudo cat /cumulus/switchd/run/iprule/show | grep 303 -A 1
303: from 10.1.4.1/24 to 10.1.4.2 iif swp16 lookup 10012
     [hwstatus: unit: 0, installed: yes, route-present: yes, resolved: yes, nh-valid: yes, nh-type: nh, ecmp/rif: 0x1, action: route,  hitcount: 0]

The example below shows an existing configuration, where only one source IP match is configured:

Seq: 3 rule: 302 Installed: 1(9) Reason: Valid
	SRC Match: 10.1.4.1/24
nexthop 192.168.0.21
	Installed: 1(1) Tableid: 10008

The NCLU commands for the above configuration are:

net add pbr-map pbr-policy seq 3 match src-ip 10.1.4.1/24
net add pbr-map pbr-policy seq 3 set nexthop 192.168.0.21

To add a destination IP match to the rule, you must delete the existing rule sequence:

net del pbr-map pbr-policy seq 3 match src-ip 10.1.4.1/24
net del pbr-map pbr-policy seq 3 set nexthop 192.168.0.21
net commit

Add back the source IP match and nexthop condition, and add the new destination IP match (dst-ip 10.1.2.0/24):

net add pbr-map pbr-policy seq 3 match src-ip 10.1.4.1/24
net add pbr-map pbr-policy seq 3 match dst-ip 10.1.2.0/24
net add pbr-map pbr-policy seq 3 set nexthop 192.168.0.21
net commit

Run the net show pbr map command to verify the update:

Seq: 3 rule: 302 Installed: 1(9) Reason: Valid
    SRC Match: 10.1.4.1/24
    DST Match: 10.1.2.0/24
   nexthop 192.168.0.21
    Installed: 1(1) Tableid: 10013

Run the ip rule show command to verify the entry in the kernel:

302:   from 10.1.4.1/24 to 10.1.2.0 iif swp16 lookup 10013

Run the following command to verify switchd:

cumulus@mlx-2400-91:~$ cat /cumulus/switchd/run/iprule/show | grep 302 -A 1
302: from 10.1.4.1/24 to 10.1.2.0 iif swp16 lookup 10013
     [hwstatus: unit: 0, installed: yes, route-present: yes, resolved: yes, nh-valid: yes, nh-type: nh, ecmp/rif: 0x1, action: route,  hitcount: 0]

Delete PBR Rules and Policies

You can delete a PBR rule, a next hop group, or a policy. The following commands provide examples.

Use caution when deleting PBR rules and next hop groups, as you might create an incorrect configuration for the PBR policy.

The following examples show how to delete a PBR rule match:

cumulus@switch:~$ net del pbr-map map1 seq 1 match dst-ip 10.1.2.0/24
cumulus@switch:~$ net pending
cumulus@switch:~$ net commit

The following examples show how to delete a next hop from a group:

cumulus@switch:~$ net del nexthop-group group1 nexthop 192.168.0.32 swp1 nexthop-vrf rocket
cumulus@switch:~$ net pending
cumulus@switch:~$ net commit

The following examples show how to delete a next hop group:

cumulus@switch:~$ net del nexthop-group group1
cumulus@switch:~$ net pending
cumulus@switch:~$ net commit

The following examples show how to delete a PBR policy so that the PBR interface is no longer receiving PBR traffic:

cumulus@switch:~$ net del interface swp3 pbr-policy map1
cumulus@switch:~$ net pending
cumulus@switch:~$ net commit

The following examples show how to delete a PBR rule:

cumulus@switch:~$ net del pbr-map map1 seq 1
cumulus@switch:~$ net pending
cumulus@switch:~$ net commit

The following examples show how to delete a PBR rule match:

cumulus@switch:~$ sudo vtysh
switch# configure terminal
switch(config)# pbr-map map1 seq 1
switch(config-pbr-map)# no match dst-ip 10.1.2.0/24
switch(config-pbr-map)# end
switch# write memory
switch# exit
cumulus@switch:~$

The following examples show how to delete a next hop from a group:

cumulus@switch:~$ sudo vtysh
switch# configure terminal
switch(config)# nexthop-group group1
switch(config-nh-group)# no nexthop 192.168.0.32 swp1 nexthop-vrf rocket
switch(config-nh-group)# end
switch# write memory
switch# exit
cumulus@switch:~$

The following examples show how to delete a next hop group:

cumulus@switch:~$ sudo vtysh
switch# configure terminal
switch(config)# no set nexthop-group group1
switch(config)# end
switch# write memory
switch# exit
cumulus@switch:~$

The following examples show how to delete a PBR policy so that the PBR interface is no longer receiving PBR traffic:

cumulus@switch:~$ sudo vtysh
switch# configure terminal
switch(config)# interface swp51
switch(config-if)# no pbr-policy map1
switch(config-if)# end
switch# write memory
switch# exit
cumulus@switch:~$

The following examples show how to delete a PBR rule:

cumulus@switch:~$ sudo vtysh
switch# configure terminal
switch(config)# no pbr-map map1 seq 1
switch(config)# end
switch# write memory
switch# exit
cumulus@switch:~$

If a PBR rule has multiple conditions (for example, a source IP match and a destination IP match), but you only want to delete one condition, you have to delete all conditions first, then re-add the ones you want to keep.

The example below shows an existing configuration that has a source IP match and a destination IP match.

Seq: 6 rule: 305 Installed: 1(12) Reason: Valid
   SRC Match: 10.1.4.1/24
   DST Match: 10.1.2.0/24
   nexthop 192.168.0.21
   Installed: 1(1) Tableid: 10011

The NCLU commands for the above configuration are:

net add pbr-map pbr-policy seq 6 match src-ip 10.1.4.1/24
net add pbr-map pbr-policy seq 6 match dst-ip 10.1.2.0/24
net add pbr-map pbr-policy seq 6 set nexthop 192.168.0.21

To remove the destination IP match, you must first delete all existing conditions defined under this sequence:

net del pbr-map pbr-policy seq 6 match src-ip 10.1.4.1/24
net del pbr-map pbr-policy seq 6 match dst-ip 10.1.2.0/24
net del pbr-map pbr-policy seq 6 set nexthop 192.168.0.21
net commit

Then, add back the conditions you want to keep:

net add pbr-map pbr-policy seq 6 match src-ip 10.1.4.1/24
net add pbr-map pbr-policy seq 6 set nexthop 192.168.0.21
net commit

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